Annona squamosa
Annona squamosa a small well-branched tree or shrub[6] that bears edible fruits called sugar-apple, species of the genus Annona and member of the family Annonaceae more willing to grow at lower altitudes than its relatives Annona reticulata and Annona cherimola[5] (whose fruits often share the same name)[2] making it the most widely cultivated of these species.[7]
Common names
- Arabic: قشدة حرشفية/ القشطة الخضراء
- Bengali: আতা
- Chamorro: ates, atis
- Chinese: 番荔枝
- Dutch: Kaneelappel
- English: custard-apple, sugar-apple, sweetsop
- Fijian: Seremiya, Seremaia, Heremaia
- French: annone écailleuse, pomme-cannelle, Cachiman cannelle, Pomme cannelle
- German: Rahmapfel, Süßsack, Schuppenannone, Zuckerapfel
- Hebrew: אנונה
- Hindi: सीताफल,शरीफा, shareefa
- Indonesian: srikaya, serikaya, buah nona
- Japanese: バンレイシ
- Kannada: ಸೀತಾಫಲ
- Malayalam: ആത്തപ്പഴം (aathappazham), ആത്തിപ്പഴം (aathy pazham), ബ്ലാത്തി (blathy),സീതപ്പഴം (seetha pazham)
- Māori: katara‘āpa Māori, kātara‘apa Māori, naponapo, tapotapo, tapotapo Māori
- Persian: آنونا اسکوآموزا
- Portuguese: Atá, fruta-do-conde, pinha, Ateira, Cabeça-de-negro, condessa, Coração-de-boi, Fruta da condessa, Fruta de condessa, Fruta do conde, Fruteira de conde, Pinha da Bahia, Pinheira, Pinha do sertão
- Russian: Кремовое яблоко
- Spanish: anón, anona blanca, chirimoyo, fruta del conde, Ahate, Anón candonga, Anona, Anona blanca, Anona de Castilla, Anona de Guatemala, Chirimoya, Chirimoya verrugosa, Mocuyo, Rinón
- Tagalog: Ates, Atis, Anonas
- Tahitian: tapo tapo, tapotapo
- Tamil: சீதாப்பழம் (seetha pazham)
- Telugu: సీత ఫలం,(seetha phalam)
- Thai: น้อยหน่า
- Tongan: ‘apele papalangi
- Vietnamese: na (in the North), mãng cầu (in the South)[2][8][9][10][11]
Description
Annona squamosa is a small, semi-(or late) deciduous,[12] much branched shrub or small tree 3 metres (9.8 ft)[6] to 8 metres (26 ft) tall[12] very similar to soursop (Annona muricata)[10] with a broad, open crown or irregularly spreading branches[5] and a short trunk short, not buttressed at base.[12] The fruit of A. squamosa has delicious whitish pulp, and is popular in tropical markets.[12]
- Stems and leaves
- Branches with light brown bark and visible leaf scars; inner bark light yellow and slightly bitter; twigs become brown with light brown dots (lenticels - small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue).[5]
- Thin leaves[10] occur singly,[5] 5 centimetres (2.0 in) to 17 centimetres (6.7 in) long and 2 centimetres (0.79 in)[12] to 6 centimetres (2.4 in) wide;[5] rounded at the base and pointed at the tip.[12] Pale green on both surfaces and mostly hairless[5] with slight hairs on the underside when young.[6] The sides sometimes are slightly unequal and the leaf edges are without teeth, inconspicuously hairy when young.[5][10]
- Leaf stalks are 0.4 centimetres (0.16 in) to 2.2 centimetres (0.87 in)[12] long, green, sparsely pubescent[5]
- Flowers
- Solitary or in short lateral clusters about 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) long, 2-4,[12] greenish-yellow flowers on a hairy, slender[5] 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long stalk.[12] Green outer petals, purplish at the base, oblong, 1.6 centimetres (0.63 in) to 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) long, and 0.6 centimetres (0.24 in) to 0.75 centimetres (0.30 in) wide, inner petals reduced to minute scales or absent.[6][12] Very numerous stamens; crowded, white, less than 1.6 centimetres (0.63 in) long; ovary light green. Styles white, crowded on the raised axis. Each pistil forms a separate tubercle (small rounded wartlike protuberance), mostly 1.3 centimetres (0.51 in) to 1.9 centimetres (0.75 in) long and 0.6 centimetres (0.24 in) to 1.3 centimetres (0.51 in) wide which matures into the aggregate fruit.[5]
- Flowering occurs in spring-early summer[12] and flowers are pollinated by nitidulid beetles.[13]
- Fruits and reproduction
- Aggregate and soft fruits form from the numerous and loosely united pistils of a flower[5] which become enlarged[12] and mature into fruits which are distinct from fruits of other species of genus[5] (and more like a giant raspberry instead).
- The round or heart-shaped[5] greenish yellow, ripened aggregate fruit is pendulous[12] on a thickened stalk; 5 centimetres (2.0 in)[5][6] to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in diameter[10][12] with many round protuberances[5] and covered with a powdery bloom. Fruits are formed of loosely cohering or almost free carpels (the ripened pistels).[6]
- The pulp is white tinged yellow,[6] edible and sweetly aromatic. Each carpel containing an oblong, shiny and smooth,[5] dark brown[6] to black, 1.3 centimetres (0.51 in) to 1.6 centimetres (0.63 in) long seed.[5]
Distribution
Annona squamosa is willing to grow at altitudes of 0 metres (0 ft) to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and does well in hot dry climates; at much lower altitudes than many of the other fruit bearers in its family.[5][10]
- Native
- Neotropic
- Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands.
- Central America: El Salvador
- Northern South America: French Guyana, Guyana, Venezuela
- Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
- Southern South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay[5]
- Current (naturalized and native)
- Neotropic
- Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Florida, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands.
- Pacific: Samoa, Tonga
- Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
- Northern South America: French Guyana, Guyana, Venezuela
- Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
- Southern South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay
- Afrotropic: Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zanzibar
- Australasia: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
- Indomalaya: Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
- Palearctic: Cyprus, Greece, Malta[5]
Azores (Pico Island), Portugal
Uses
For uses of fruit from the Custard-apple family see:
References
- ^ Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "PLANTS Profile, Annona squamosa L.". The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture,. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ a b c Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (1997-07-11). "Taxon: Annona squamosa L.". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?3503. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ Dr. Richard Wunderlin, Dr. Bruce Hansen. "synonyms of Annona squamosa". Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Institute for Systematic Botany, University of Florida. http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/synonyms.asp?plantID=1995. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ Missouri Botanical Garden (1753). "Annona squamosa L.". Tropicos. http://www.tropicos.org/NameSynonyms.aspx?nameid=1600002. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Current name: Annona squamosa". AgroForestryTree Database. International Center For Research In Agroforestry. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Aluka. "Annona squamosa L. [family ANNONACEAE"]. African Plants. Ithaka Harbors, Inc. http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.ANNONA.SQUAMOSA. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ Morton, J. (1987). "Sugar Apple Annona squamosa". Fruits of warm climates. Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ efloras.org. "Annona squamosa Linn.". Chinese Plant Names. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200008509. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ Porcher, Michel H. et al.. "Annona squamosa L.". Sorting Annona Names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database - A Work in Progress. Institute of Land & Food Resources, University of Melbourne. http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Annona.html#squamosa. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ a b c d e f Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (2008-01-05). "Annona squamosa (PIER Species info)". PIER species lists. United States Geological Survey & United States Forest Service. http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-17. "Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659."
- ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2007-11-21). "AGROVOC Thesaurus". AGROVOC. United Nations. http://www.fao.org/aims/ag_intro.htm?termid=455. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Flora of North America. "2. Annona squamosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753". Flora of North America 3.
- ^ McGregor, S.E. Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants USDA, 1976
External links
Media related to [//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Annona_squamosa Annona squamosa] at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Annona squamosa at Wikispecies